{"id":413,"date":"2022-01-21T21:42:32","date_gmt":"2022-01-21T21:42:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cnhp.colostate.edu\/cbwg\/?page_id=413"},"modified":"2022-05-31T18:08:29","modified_gmt":"2022-05-31T18:08:29","slug":"excluding-bats-from-buildings","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/cnhp.colostate.edu\/cbwg\/excluding-bats-from-buildings\/","title":{"rendered":"Excluding bats from buildings"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\t<p><a name=\"top\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h1>Excluding bats safely<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cnhp.colostate.edu\/cbwg\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2022\/01\/Rehder_house3-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"Rehder_house3\" height=\"768\" width=\"1024\" title=\"Rehder_house3\" \/>\n\t<ul>\n <li><a href='#Why'>Why do bats roost in buildings<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href='#Whatdiseases'>What diseases are associated with bats<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href='#Challenges'>The challenges of having bats in structures<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href='#Boxes'>Building bat boxes<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href='#Contacts'>Quick contacts for help and guidance<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href='#Literature'>Literature cited regarding excluding bats<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t<a id=\"Why\" name=\"Why\"><\/a>\n<h2>\n    <b>Why do bats use buildings?<\/b><\/h2>\n\t<p><a href=\"#top\">Back to top <\/a><\/p>\n\t<p><strong><u>Why do bats use buildings and other anthropogenic structures?<\/u><\/strong> A study of big brown bats from 2001-2005 in Fort Collins, Colorado found that bats select roost sites in anthropogenic structures (those made by people) that are warmer than randomly sampled buildings (<a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jmammal\/article\/87\/3\/470\/896483\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Neubaum et al. 2006<\/a>). So why does this matter if you are a bat?\u00a0 In summer, most large<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cnhp.colostate.edu\/cbwg\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2022\/01\/bats-at-roof-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" \/>\u00a0groups of bats using these structures are composed of adult females who use these sites we refer to as maternity colonies to give birth to their pups.\u00a0 The mother bats raise their pups for the first couple of months of their life in these safe locations.\u00a0 Soon after giving birth, mom resumes nightly drinking and foraging trips for insects.\u00a0 In the first several days after the pup is born, the mother bat may return multiple times per night to check on and nurse her pup at the roost.\u00a0 As temperatures outside drop each night, those inside the roost (i.e. building) remain warm, effectively providing an incubator for the pup while mom is gone.\u00a0 The frequency of mom&#8217;s nightly comings and goings slow as the pup grows older.\u00a0 A cool study by Lausen and Barclay (<a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jmammal\/article\/87\/2\/362\/873350\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2006<\/a>) showed that female bats gave birth earlier and pups matured faster when they roosted in buildings that were warmer than rock crevices.\u00a0 Consequently, a warmer roost means pups will mature more quickly and may have a better chance of surviving their first winter and year of life.<\/p>\n<p>Eventually, the pups begin training to fly and learn to hunt insects.\u00a0 During this time window, usually from mid-July to early August, a spike in bat encounters is reported to health departments (See Graph of cases in &#8220;What diseases are associated with bats&#8221;).\u00a0 This spike in reports can be attributed to inexperienced young who crash land or exit\/enter the roost at the &#8220;incorrect&#8221; locations, often leading to bats in living spaces (<a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jmammal\/article\/92\/2\/433\/868599\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">O&#8217;Shea et al. 2011<\/a>).\u00a0 Roosts in buildings also allow bats to utilize areas in close proximity to additional food resources such as agricultural fields that may be situated adjacent to<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cnhp.colostate.edu\/cbwg\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2022\/01\/xray-of-bat-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" \/><\/p>\n<p>developed areas.\u00a0 Bats remove these agricultural pests, which provides a beneficial service to us by reducing the use of pesticides!<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\t<a id=\"Whatdiseases\" name=\"Whatdiseases\"><\/a>\n<h2>\n    <b>What diseases are associated with bats?<\/b><\/h2>\n\t<p><a href=\"#top\">Back to top <\/a><\/p>\n\t<p><strong><u>What diseases are associated with bats?<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Rabies:<\/em><\/strong> Research looking at the prevalence of rabies in an urban population of bats in Colorado suggests that many individuals have antibodies to the disease, indicating that they have been exposed to the virus but did not die (<a href=\"https:\/\/wwwnc.cdc.gov\/eid\/article\/20\/5\/13-0539_article\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">O&#8217;Shea et al. 2014<\/a>).\u00a0 The amount of rabies antibodies, or seroprevalence, was lowest when bats were stressed, such as in a drought year. Relatively few bats become sick from rabies, &lt; 0.5% of individuals in a large colony of Mexican free-tail bats, and only 10% of bats <strong>turned in for testing<\/strong> being rabies positive (<a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.er.usgs.gov\/publication\/cir1329\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Constantine 2009<\/a>).\u00a0 Sick bats generally exhibit the paralytic form of the disease where individuals act lethargic versus the aggressive form, which is rare (Constantine 2009).\u00a0 As mentioned above, many bats submitted for testing are juveniles (Figure 1; O&#8217;Shea et al. 2011) who &#8220;took a wrong turn on their way out of the roost&#8221;.\u00a0 However, in the rare event that the rabies virus presents itself in any mammal, it is nearly always fatal.\u00a0 Consequently, <strong>it is important to note<\/strong> <strong>that anyone, or their pet, who has come into contact with a bat (touched a bat without protective gear) should contact their physician or local county health department immediately <\/strong>(<a href=\"https:\/\/cdphe.colorado.gov\/public-information\/find-your-local-public-health-agency\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Find your local public health agency<\/a>).\u00a0 These professionals can guide you through the correct steps of action.\u00a0 If you know that contact did not occur, you do not have to worry about exposure.<\/p>\n<p><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cnhp.colostate.edu\/cbwg\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2022\/01\/proportion-of-adults-juveniles-300x170.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"272\" height=\"154\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cnhp.colostate.edu\/cbwg\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2022\/01\/bats-by-time-of-year-261x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"261\" height=\"300\" \/><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Figure 1. (a) Proportions of big brown bats by age captured during summer and (b) numbers of bats submitted for rabies diagnosis to the Colorado Department of Public Health from the nine most populous counties in the urbanizing Colorado Front Range Corridor.\u00a0 Figure adapted from O&#8217;Shea et al. 2011 <em>Journal of Urban Ecosystems<\/em> 14:665-697.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Histoplasmosis:<\/em><\/strong> A disease associated with, but not contracted by, large groups of bats using buildings is histoplasmosis.\u00a0 The human disease is caused by inhaling fungal spores that grow in guano piles of birds and bats.\u00a0 This fungus tends to be found in soils of humid environments more typical of Eastern North America (see Figure 3 below).\u00a0 \u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cnhp.colostate.edu\/cbwg\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2022\/01\/histoplasmosis-US-300x181.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"448\" height=\"270\" \/>Hystoplasmosis outbreaks have not been documented in Colorado and even in areas where the fungus is prevalent, few people exposed to it (&lt; 1%) develop symptoms (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4766901\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Benedict and Mody 2016<\/a>).\u00a0 Despite low levels of the fungus in soils of Western states, those removing large guano piles should exercise caution.\u00a0 Minimize aerosolized dust by using water sprays or other dust suppression techniques and wear personalized protective equipment such as respirators when doing such work (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/docs\/2005-109\/pdfs\/2005-109.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lenhart et al. 2004<\/a>).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>For more information on these topics see the CDC website <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/rabies\/index.html\">https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/rabies\/index.html<\/a> &amp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/docs\/2005-109\/pdfs\/2005-109.pdf\">https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/docs\/2005-109\/pdfs\/2005-109.pdf<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Coronaviruses&#8217; like COVID-19:<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 Although SARS-CoV-2, the virus that leads to the COVID-19 disease in humans, potentially spilled over from an Asian bat species, <strong>NO<\/strong> bat species in North America are known to carry the virus.\u00a0 Wildlife disease experts are concerned about <u>humans<\/u> exposing bats and several other mammals in North America to the virus, potentially making its management more difficult.\u00a0 Work with this new virus is ongoing with information changing rapidly as studies evolve.\u00a0 The big brown and Mexican free-tailed bats were challenged with COVID-19 in lab trials and showed no signs of infection (Hall et al. 2020; pers comm. Bosco-Lauth).\u00a0 The CBWG will update this section as new information becomes available.\u00a0 The take home for now is that Colorado bats do <strong>not<\/strong> appear susceptible to the virus.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u00a0<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\t<a id=\"Challenges\" name=\"Challenges\"><\/a>\n<h2>\n    <b>The challenges of having bats in structures?<\/b><\/h2>\n\t<p><a href=\"#top\">Back to top <\/a><\/p>\n\t<p><strong><u>Challenges of having bats in structures<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Bats using anthropogenic structures, both inhabited and uninhabited, may present a number of challenges (<a href=\"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/a-homeowners-guide-to-northeastern-bats-and-bat-problems\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Williams and Brittingham 2006<\/a>).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Bat encounters in the living space: Adult bats, both those that are healthy or sick, and na\u00efve juvenile bats may occasionally get into living spaces causing stress to human inhabitants.\u00a0 These scenarios are exacerbated when exit points are blocked without use of proper exclusion techniques, leaving bats little choice but to look for alternative exits that may include openings into living spaces.\u00a0 If one or a couple of bats gets into a living space, the bats will often leave if the lights are turned out and a door or window is left open.\u00a0 If this approach does not work, the occupant can carefully capture the bat by placing an empty coffee can or small box over the bat, gently sliding a piece of paperboard underneath the container, and releasing the bat outside in a safe location away from children and pets.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cnhp.colostate.edu\/cbwg\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2022\/01\/bat-on-wall-capture-300x232.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"232\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Figure from Williams, L. M., and M. C. Brittingham. 2006. A homeowner&#8217;s guide to Northeastern bats and bat problems. Penn State, College of Agricultural Sciences, Agricultural Research and Cooperative Extension.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Guano accumulations: Guano piles and urine crystalization that have accumulated over a long time or from a large colony can cause odor and soil building materials.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cnhp.colostate.edu\/cbwg\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2022\/01\/guano-pile-300x194.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"194\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cnhp.colostate.edu\/cbwg\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2022\/01\/urine-crystalization-300x197.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"197\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Parasites: In some cases, large bat colonies may be accompanied by the presence of invertebrate parasites. These parasites are specific to bats and generally leave humans alone.\u00a0 However, when bats are excluded from roosts, parasites may become apparent as they venture into living spaces to search of the missing bats.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cnhp.colostate.edu\/cbwg\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2022\/01\/bat-bug-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cnhp.colostate.edu\/cbwg\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2022\/01\/bat-bug-microscope-300x258.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"258\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Images of bat bugs (<em>Cimex pilosellus<\/em>) sometimes found with bats using anthropogenic structures.\u00a0 This bat parasite is similar in appearance to bed bugs, a parasite of humans, but not the same species.\u00a0 Microscope photo by R. Pearce.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>In other settings, bats may present challenges for health codes, such as in restaurants where droppings are not desirable or to renovations of structures (e.g., bridge renovation; Keely and Tuttle 1999) or daycare centers with toddlers not old enough to know not to touch bats.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cnhp.colostate.edu\/cbwg\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2022\/01\/longeareds-under-bridge-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cnhp.colostate.edu\/cbwg\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2022\/01\/person-under-bridge-1-225x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u00a0<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\t<a id=\"Excluding\" name=\"Excluding\"><\/a>\n<h2>\n    <b>Excluding bats humanely<\/b><\/h2>\n\t<p><a href=\"#top\">Back to top <\/a><\/p>\n\t<p><strong><u>Considerations for excluding bats humanely<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A number of Best Management Practice&#8217;s for homeowners, nuisance operators, and agency staff should be taken into account when considering the exclusion of bats from any anthropogenic structure.\u00a0 Consider using a wildlife control operator that is certified to do bat exclusions (see NWCOA, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nwcoa.com\/page-18088\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.nwcoa.com\/page-18088<\/a> ).\u00a0 To help bats being excluded, ask your wildlife control operator if they follow guidelines recommended in the White-nose Syndrome National Plan as these best practices help prevent the spread of a fungus that kills bats while they sleep in winter hibernation. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.whitenosesyndrome.org\/mmedia-education\/bats-in-buildings\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.whitenosesyndrome.org\/mmedia-education\/bats-in-buildings<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Timing considerations are critical when considering exclusion of bats. Ideally, exclusion work should take place during times of year when bats are not present.\u00a0 For timing recommendations of when to conduct exclusions, see the Bat Exclusion Tree diagram below.\u00a0 Important factors to consider include:\n<ul>\n<li>Can the work wait until the maternity colony has dispersed in autumn?<\/li>\n<li>Are there any risks of exposure to children, elderly with a compromised memory, or pets by waiting to exclude bats? If not, wait.<\/li>\n<li>Avoid the bat birthing window (June &#8211; mid August) if possible.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cnhp.colostate.edu\/cbwg\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2022\/01\/figure-seasonality-of-roost-types-300x77.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"701\" height=\"180\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Seasonality of different roost type uses by Colorado bats.\u00a0 Figure from Neubaum, D. J., K. W. Navo, and J. L. Siemers. 2017. <a href=\"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/jfwm\/article\/8\/1\/272\/204241\/Guidelines-for-Defining-Biologically-Important-Bat\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Guidelines for defining biologically important bat roosts: a case study from Colorado. Journal of Fish &amp; Wildlife Management<\/a> 8:272-282.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The following note in a side bubble provides why we make these recommendations based on what we know about use of buildings in Colorado by bats. &#8221; <strong>BUBBLE:<\/strong> Based on work conducted in Colorado where buildings with known summer bat use were searched in winter (Neubaum et al. 2007), we believe that bats do not hibernate in buildings to any notable extent in Colorado.\u00a0 Work using radio telemetry and internal surveys have documented bats using caves, mines, and rock crevices during winter in the state (Neubaum et al. 2006, Armstrong et al. 2011, Siemers and Neubaum 2013, Neubaum 2018).\u00a0 While bats have been documented using buildings in the Midwest, it is our belief that this use is driven by resource availability (i.e., a lack of suitable natural roosting resources in that area).\u00a0 Colorado has many winter roosting options for bats with the possible exception of the Eastern Plains.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cnhp.colostate.edu\/cbwg\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2022\/01\/figure-exclusion-tree-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"596\" height=\"336\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Roost sites situated internally\n<ul>\n<li>When exclusion of bats is necessary, observe the structure at sunset to determine all exit locations used by the bats. Target these areas for use of one-way doors if bats are still present.<\/li>\n<li>It is important to run one-way doors for several days (5-10 days) prior to sealing shut the structure. If weather conditions are stormy during nights that the one-way door is installed, bats may stay inside so keep the device in place for additional nights to ensure all bats have left.<\/li>\n<li>Seal <strong>ALL<\/strong> openings that a thumb can fit into. Bats will switch to alternate entrances if the primary points are sealed shut.\u00a0 Bats do not chew on materials so insulation batting, foam used to cover pipes, and weather stripping can all work effectively to temporarily seal openings until permanent repairs are implemented.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cnhp.colostate.edu\/cbwg\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/13\/2022\/01\/diagram-of-house-bat-access-300x206.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"601\" height=\"413\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Common locations used by bats to access roosting areas within buildings.\u00a0 Figure from Greenhall, A. M., and S. C. Frantz. 2004. Bats.\u00a0 <em>in<\/em> S. E. Hygnstrom, R. M. Timm, and G. E. Larson, editors. <a href=\"https:\/\/escholarship.org\/content\/qt7vr567fh\/qt7vr567fh.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Prevention and control of wildlife damage.<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Use mesh made of small squares such as that found on window screens. Larger mesh, like those used for orchards, can tangle and entrap bats.<\/li>\n<li>Night roosts! Some bats use more open locations such as patio covers or entryway porches at night to digest food for a few hours before continuing on their nightly hunts for bugs.\u00a0 In these cases bats generally are not seen during daylight hours but often leave behind droppings.\u00a0 If exterior walls are composed of stucco or logs, these areas provide especially attractive surfaces for bats to hang on.\u00a0 Excluding bats from night roosts can be difficult but people have had success by placing a strong odor at the roosting location.\u00a0 For example, Vic&#8217;s vapor rub can be smeared on the wall or moth balls can be hung in a nylon.\u00a0 Smooth metal flashing can be installed as well which inhibits the bats ability to cling to the wall.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t<a id=\"Boxes\" name=\"Boxes\"><\/a>\n<h2>\n    <b>Building bat boxes<\/b><\/h2>\n\t<p><a href=\"#top\">Back to top <\/a><\/p>\n\t<p><strong><u>Building a bat box<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Consider building a bat box to provide excluded bats with another option.\u00a0 Boxes that are mounted close to the original exit points previously used by the bats have a good chance of being discovered and used.\u00a0 In Colorado, boxes that have multiple compartments, painted a dark color, mounted high off the ground (10-15 ft), and facing eastern or southern aspects will provide more suitable roosting conditions for bats.\u00a0 Want to build a bat box?\u00a0 Check out some of these free patterns:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A homeowners guide to Northeastern bats and bat problems <a href=\"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/a-homeowners-guide-to-northeastern-bats-and-bat-problems\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/a-homeowners-guide-to-northeastern-bats-and-bat-problems<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Bat Conservation International&#8217;s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.batcon.org\/about-bats\/bat-houses\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.batcon.org\/about-bats\/bat-houses\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>National Wildlife Federation <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nwf.org\/garden-for-wildlife\/cover\/build-a-bat-house\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.nwf.org\/garden-for-wildlife\/cover\/build-a-bat-house<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Buy a copy of <em>The Bat House Builders Handbook<\/em> by M. Tuttle &amp; D. Hensley<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Want to buy a bat box, there are many options:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Bat Conservation &amp; Management <a href=\"https:\/\/batmanagement.com\/collections\/homeowner-sized-bat-houses\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/batmanagement.com\/collections\/homeowner-sized-bat-houses<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t<a id=\"Contacts\" name=\"Contacts\"><\/a>\n<h2>\n    <b>Quick contacts for help or guidance<\/b><\/h2>\n\t<p><a href=\"#top\">Back to top <\/a><\/p>\n\t<p><strong><u>Quick Contacts<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<ul>\n<li>Colorado County Health Contacts: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.colorado.gov\/pacific\/cdphe\/find-your-local-public-health-agency\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.colorado.gov\/pacific\/cdphe\/find-your-local-public-health-agency<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Colorado Bat Experts: Regional representative that can help answer bat questions.\n<ul>\n<li>Northeast &#8211; Paul Cryan, USGS (cryanp@usgs.gov)<\/li>\n<li>Denver Metro &#8211; Tina Jackson, Colorado Parks and Wildlife (tina.jackson@state.co.us)<\/li>\n<li>Southeast &#8211; April Estep, Colorado Parks and Wildlife (april.estep@state.co.us)<\/li>\n<li>West Slope &#8211; Dan Neubaum, Colorado Parks and Wildlife (daniel.neubaum@state.co.us)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t<a id=\"Literature\" name=\"Literature\"><\/a>\n<h2>\n    <b>Literature cited regarding excluding bats<\/b><\/h2>\n\t<p><a href=\"#top\">Back to top <\/a><\/p>\n\t<p><strong>Literature referenced in developing these recommendations. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Benedict, K., and R. K. Mody. 2016. Epidemiology of histoplasmosis outbreaks, United States, 1938-2013. Emerging Infectious Diseases 22:370-378. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/26890817\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/26890817\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Constantine, D. G. 2009. Bat rabies and other lyssavirus infections: Reston, Va., U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1329, 68 p. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.er.usgs.gov\/publication\/cir1329\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pubs.er.usgs.gov\/publication\/cir1329<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Greenhall, A. M., and S. C. Frantz. 2004. Bats. <em>in<\/em> S. E. Hygnstrom, R. M. Timm, and G. E. Larson, editors. Prevention and control of wildlife damage.\u00a0 Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/digitalcommons.unl.edu\/icwdmhandbook\/46\/?utm_source=digitalcommons.unl.edu%2Ficwdmhandbook%2F46&amp;utm_medium=PDF&amp;utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/digitalcommons.unl.edu\/icwdmhandbook\/46\/?utm_source=digitalcommons.unl.edu%2Ficwdmhandbook%2F46&amp;utm_medium=PDF&amp;utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Hall, J. S., S. Knowles, S. W. Nashold, H. S. Ip, A. E. Leon, T. Rocke, S. Keller, M. Carossino, U. Balasuriya, and E. Hofmeister. 2020. Experimental challenge of a North American bat species, big brown bat (<em>Eptesicus fuscus<\/em>), with SARS-CoV-2. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases:1-10.<\/p>\n<p>Keeley, B. W., and M. D. Tuttle. 1999. Bats in American bridges. Bat Conservation International. Available at: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/237268659_Bats_in_American_bridges.<\/p>\n<p>Lausen, C. L., and M. R. B. Robert. 2006. 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A homeowner&#8217;s guide to Northeastern bats and bat problems. Penn State, College of Agricultural Sciences, Agricultural Research and Cooperative Extension. Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/a-homeowners-guide-to-northeastern-bats-and-bat-problems\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/extension.psu.edu\/a-homeowners-guide-to-northeastern-bats-and-bat-problems<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Excluding bats safely Why do bats roost in buildings What diseases are associated with bats The challenges of [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":16,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":3,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":{"0":"post-413","1":"page","2":"type-page","3":"status-publish","5":"entry","6":"override"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cnhp.colostate.edu\/cbwg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/413","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cnhp.colostate.edu\/cbwg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cnhp.colostate.edu\/cbwg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cnhp.colostate.edu\/cbwg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/16"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cnhp.colostate.edu\/cbwg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=413"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cnhp.colostate.edu\/cbwg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/413\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cnhp.colostate.edu\/cbwg\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=413"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}